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Biosafety Issues in Patient Transport during COVID-19: A case study on the Portuguese Emergency Services

Published on 6 October 2025
An interesting paper based on a survey on First responders from Portugal's National Institute of Medical Emergency (INEM).
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Biosafety Issues in Patient Transport during COVID-19: A case study on the Portuguese Emergency Services

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Author details
Vandenberghe, Pierre 1; Ladeira, Luis Manuel 2; Gil, Margarida 2, Cardoso, Ivo 2; Rato, Fatima 2; S. Hayes, Jessica 3; Connolly, Maire A. 3; Gala, Jean-Luc 1

1. Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies (CTMA), Institute for Clinical and Experimental Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain;
2. Instituto Nacional de Emergência Médica, Rua Almirante Barroso, 36, 1000-013 Lisboa, Portugal;
3. School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway
Unique identifier
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010099
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Hazard types

CBRNE

DRM Phases

Preparedness

Geographic focus

Portugal all Europe/EU

Sectors

Health

Risk drivers

Changing security landscape Environmental degradation